суббота

America's Black Friday Craziness Has Crossed The Pond

Black Friday is in full swing in U.S. stores and online, with shoppers across the country hoping to snatch up Christmas bargains.

The National Retail Federation forecasts a 4.1 percent increase in holiday sales over the same period last year, bringing the total to $616.9 billion. It would be the biggest jump in sales since 2011. The NRF has a breakdown of shopping behavior last year posted here.

The New York Times says: "the weather did not stop the most eager shoppers. In Nashua, N.H., eight inches of snow, subzero temperatures and a loss of electricity to some homes did not deter a determined crowd, where some teenagers snuggled under blankets, and other shoppers stood in lines wearing ski masks and long winter coats. Elsewhere, parking lots were jammed as more retailers than ever opened with major markdowns as enticements, especially on electronics."

But if you thought that Black Friday was purely an American phenomenon, you would be wrong. Take the U.K., for example.

As the British newspaper The Telegraph points out: "In the UK ... Black Friday meant little until 2010. Before then, the only knowledge most shoppers had about the US craze was the television images of consumers fighting to get into the leading stores, such as Macy's in New York. The nearest phenomenon in the UK was Boxing Day (Dec. 26) and its ubiquitous sales."

But then, Amazon started offering Black Friday discounts in the U.K. and that quickly took hold in some of the bricks-and-mortar stores. Now, discounts surrounding the day after an American holiday that is meaningless to most Brits are picking up steam.

The BBC reports today that police were called to supermarkets across the U.K. to perform the sort of crowd control of shoppers that you'd have seen only in the U.S. until a few years ago. Visa expects that U.K. shoppers will spend $813 billion online alone.

And, at the shops? According to the BBC:

"Greater Manchester Police appealed for calm after attending seven Tesco shops, at which three men were arrested and a woman was hit by a falling television.

"The force said the issues were 'totally predictable' and it was 'disappointed' by shop security. Tesco said only a 'small number' of stores were affected.

"Police were called in places including Dundee, Glasgow, Cardiff and London."

U.K.

Shopping

Black Friday

AFL-CIO Supports Black Friday Strikes Against Walmart

The day after Thanksgiving is traditionally one of the busiest shopping days of the year. Bargain hunters heading to Walmart, in addition to looking for holiday deals, may find workers participating in Black Friday Strikes.

Since 2012, Our Walmart, which is an employee labor group, has been staging strikes on the day after Thanksgiving.

Employees at stores in six states and Washington, D.C., plan to participate and more locations are expected to join in.

Our Walmart says it is standing up for better jobs. Members of the group would like to see more full-time work and an hourly wage of $15.

Its website BlackFridayprotests.org is trying to gather momentum for the movement. It also encourages people to participate in the strikes and has information where they can find a protest near them.

The AFL-CIO Tweeted: "Skip shopping and join a #BlackFriday protest in solidarity w/ #WalmartStrikers.

In a statement, AFL-CIO President Richard Trumka said, "The entire labor movement will proudly stand with the brave workers at Walmart as they lead the largest mobilization to date for better wages and schedules."

Walmart employs 1.3 million people in the United States. A statement on its website reads: "About 75% of our store management teams started as hourly associates, and they earn between $50,000 and $170,000 a year — similar to what firefighters, accountants, and even doctors make. Last year, Walmart promoted about 170,000 people to jobs with more responsibility and higher pay."

our walmart

walmart

Experts Predict Low Oil Prices Through Next Year

OPEC's decision not to cut production continues to reverberate through global oil markets, with the price of Europe's benchmark Brent crude falling to a four-year low today — bad news for petroleum exporters in the Middle East and Russia, but good news for nearly everyone else.

Brent crude oil steadied at about $73 a barrel on Friday after reaching a low of $71.12, its lowest level since July 2010, according to Reuters.

Igor Sechin, the head of Russia's Rosneft, says he thinks oil prices will average $70-75 per barrel through 2015. That prediction was in line with what Bill Hubard, chief economist at Markets.com, told Reuters: "I think $70 a barrel will be the new norm. We could see oil go considerably lower."

NPR's Corey Flintoff says that the Russian government gets about half of its revenue from oil and gas exports, "so it stands to lose a lot of money when prices go down."

According to Bloomberg, the Russian oil giant has lost 38 percent of its market value this year.

The New York Times reported after the conclusion of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries' meeting in Vienna on Thursday:

"A more than 30 percent decline in prices in recent months has shaken the 12-member group. For three years, OPEC had little trouble keeping prices in the $100-a-barrel range that many of its members consider satisfactory.

"But markets have spun out of OPEC's control of late. Prices have come under pressure as global output of crude oil outstripped demand this year. Analysts forecast excess supplies of crude to continue to build in 2015.

"The main new source of supply is oil extracted from shale in the United States, which is expected to add about one million barrels a day of oil production this year and an additional one million barrels a day in 2015."

OPEC

oil prices

Taliban Attack A Second Foreign Guesthouse In Kabul

For the second time in as many days, a foreign guesthouse in the Afghan capital came under attack by Taliban suicide bombers and gunmen.

NPR's Sean Carberry reports that police initially believed two or three militants entered the compound in Kabul's western Karte Seh district. He said one South African woman who was a resident at the house and managed to escape told him that as many as 12 people, including children, were trapped inside. Later, Reuters quoted an Afghan official as saying "all three" attackers were dead.

Qadam Shah Shaheem, commander of the Afghan army's 111 Military Corps in Kabul, was quoted by Reuters as saying that at least two civilians died in the assault and eight others were rescued.

A Taliban statement said the attack was on a "secret Christian missionary center," although it's not yet clear who runs the guesthouse.

As we reported on Friday, a guesthouse run by a foreign aid agency was attacked in similar fashion. All four attackers were killed and there were no reports of deaths or injuries among those staying at the compound.

The Taliban has waged a series of large-scale attacks against foreigners in the Afghan capital in recent days. Sean calls it "the most sustained period of Taliban violence in Kabul in recent memory, certainly the most I've seen in the 2 1/2 years I've been here."

The uptick in violence comes as the Afghan parliament's ratified a security agreement with the United States that would allow as many as 10,000 U.S. troops to remain in the country after the end of the year.

Taliban

Afghanistan

13,000 Modern Slaves Working In U.K., London Says

As many as 13,000 people in the U.K. are victims of modern slavery, including sex trafficking, those "imprisoned" as domestic helpers, factory workers and on fishing boats, according to a new analysis release by Britain's Home Office.

According to the BBC, the Home Office says victims, including women and girls forced into prostitution or manual labor on farms, in factories and on fishing boats for little or no pay, include people from more than 100 countries, with Albania, Nigeria, Vietnam and Romania, heading the list, although British-born adults and children were also included.

"The first step to eradicating the scourge of modern slavery is acknowledging and confronting its existence," Home Secretary Theresa May was quoted by The Associated Press as saying. "The estimated scale of the problem in modern Britain is shocking and these new figures starkly reinforce the case for urgent action."

The BBC reports:

"Data from the National Crime Agency's Human Trafficking Centre last year put the number of slavery victims in the UK at 2,744.

"The assessment was collated from sources including police, the UK Border Force, charities and the Gangmasters Licensing Authority.

"The Home Office said it used established statistical methodology and models from other public policy contexts to estimate a 'dark figure' that may not have come to the NCA's attention."

Rape Crisis London says that "hundreds of women and children are trafficked into the UK every year."

In a 2012 report, Russia Today quoted Paul Donahoe, press officer at the British charity Anti-Slavery International as saying that teenagers from rural Vietnam, many orphans, are often lured to the U.K. with false promises of jobs in restaurants only to be forced to work in illegal Cannabis farms.

"He continued that women from Nigeria, many of whom have sworn to their traffickers not to run away or go to the authorities, arrive in the UK and are forced to work in prostitution.

"'They never pay off their debt and are forced to keep working until they are no longer useful,' he explained."

forced labor

U.K.

Vietnam

Albania

prostitution

slavery

Mexican TV Icon Roberto GГіmez BolaГ±os Dies At 85

Roberto Gmez Bolaos, a popular Mexican comedic actor and screenwriter known by the nickname "Chespirito," has died at age 85 after a long illness, Latin Times reports.

The newspaper says Bolaos died of heart failure in Cancun.

The Associated Press notes: "His morning show was a staple for preschoolers, much like Captain Kangaroo in the United States.

"He warmed the hearts of millions with a clean comedy style far removed from the sexual innuendo and obscenity-laced jokes popular today. In a career that started in the 1950s, he wrote hundreds of television episodes, 20 films and theater productions that drew record-breaking audiences," the AP says.

Hoy se fue una gran persona que siempre supo como sacarle una sonrisa a todos. D.E.P Roberto Gmez Bolaos! CH pic.twitter.com/j6mxE3nAfR

— Ral Jimnez (@Raul_Jimenez9) November 28, 2014

Latin Times says of him: "The actor is famous for his characters on El Chavo del 8, El Chapuln Colorado, and other shows. Born in Mexico City in 1929, Gomez Bolaos was writing scripts and screenplays in his early twenties, despite studying for being an engineer. The all-rounded artist also composed songs and scripts for radio shows. It was in the 1960's, when the two most popular Mexican television shows on air were written by Gomez Bolaos, that he earned the nickname Chespirito from director Agustn P. Delgado. The nickname, which he would later be recognized by around the world, translates to 'Shakespearito' or 'Little Shakespeare.'"

Among other things, Simpsons creator Matt Groening has said that seeing Bolaos' antics on Mexican television inspired the character Bumblebee Man that has been a recurring character on the long-running American animated cartoon.

"The Hispanic market has never had such a beloved celebrity like Roberto Gomez Bolanos and perhaps there will never be one like him," said Maca Rotter, executive director of Televisa Consumer Product, was quoted by Latin Times as saying. "He has been a Mexican icon for past and future generations, considering that his heritage is more alive than ever."

Television

Chicken Confidential: How This Bird Came To Rule The Cultural Roost

If you looked at Earth from far off in the solar system, would it look like it's run by humans — or chickens? There are about three times as many chickens as people on this planet. And while horses and dogs are often celebrated as humankind's partner in spreading civilization, a new book argues it's really the chicken.

Why Did the Chicken Cross the World?

The Epic Saga of the Bird That Powers Civilization

by Andrew Lawler

Hardcover, 324 pages | purchase

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TitleWhy Did the Chicken Cross the World?SubtitleThe Epic Saga of the Bird That Powers CivilizationAuthorAndrew Lawler

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Read an excerpt

Andrew Lawler, author of Why Did the Chicken Cross the World?, tells NPR's Scott Simon about the chicken's malleability, its religious symbolism and the most disturbing thing he learned while researching his book.

Interview Highlights

On why he calls the chicken nature's Mr. Potato Head

You can turn the chicken into almost anything. You can have a tiny little bantam, or you can have a giant Rhode Island red. The chicken is incredibly malleable, which is probably a good reason why we decided to domesticate it and use it for so many purposes. ... Some archaeologists believe that the chicken was domesticated for ... cockfighting and for religious purposes. And it's only later — really, in the past century — that the chicken has been used to eat on a regular basis.

On the chicken as a religious symbol

I can't think of a creature that has more religious significance than the chicken. ... If you look at most Christian churches, they have a chicken on top — that is, a rooster — as a weather vane. Actually, there's a pope, about 1,500 years ago, who declared that the chicken should be placed on top of every steeple in Christendom. And even on the top of Old St. Peter's [Basilica], there was a rooster that crowed people into church to awake them spiritually. But this is actually an old idea that goes back to the Zoroastrians in ancient Persia.

On how African-Americans became so central in the poultry industry

This is one thing that I think surprised me more than anything else I discovered about the chicken industry. And that is that, in the Colonial South, chickens were just about the only thing that American slaves were allowed to raise, because livestock like cows or sheep or pigs were considered too important, and those were reserved for the masters, or slaves took care of them. And so, over time, over a century and a half, African-Americans became kind of the general chicken merchants in the South. And in part [that was] because they knew the chicken well: They came largely from West Africa, where the chicken was an essential part of daily life ... for food as well as for religious ritual.

More Chicken Stories

The Salt

Hail The Conquering Chicken! A Story Of Dinner Plate Domination

The Salt

Hipsters Off The Hook: The Truth Behind Abandoned Backyard Chickens

The Salt

The FDA Doesn't Want Chickens To Explore The Great Outdoors

The Salt

Why The U.S. Chills Its Eggs And Most Of The World Doesn't

On the Chicken of Tomorrow project

It's sort of like the Manhattan Project for poultry. So, after World War II, the people who [raised] chickens got together. And they were really afraid that at the end of the war, people were going to go back to eating beef and pork, which had been largely reserved for the troops during the war. So they decided that they needed to draw on the latest science and engineering in order to make the chicken more profitable. And they had a vast national contest, and at the end of this contest, in 1951, they chose one chicken that seemed to fit the bill. And that was a chicken that could grow really fast with a minimal amount of feed, and would have a large breast that Americans like to eat. And ultimately it proved incredibly successful.

On the most unsettling thing he learned about the poultry industry

It was particularly disturbing to discover that under U.S. law, chickens are not even considered animals if they're grown for food. So, in other words, there are no regulations that say how chickens should be treated. Now, this is very different, say, from pigs or from cattle, where there are some very strict guidelines that people have to follow. But the chicken is almost considered not even alive, which, after spending time talking to people about chickens around the world — I discovered that's crazy.

Read an excerpt of Why Did the Chicken Cross the World?

chickens

livestock

Once Homeless, Family Feels 'Blessed To Wake Up Another Day'

In 2007, Franklin Gilliard and his wife, a teacher's aide named Sherry, started their own business: a driving school. Shortly after, they were hit by the recession.

The couple worked hard to stay afloat, but despite their efforts, they found themselves drowning in past-due bills and late notices and became homeless in 2013.

"We had the car repossessors there. We had the bank knocking on the door. You just feel like you're a prisoner in your own home," says Franklin, 46.

"You would never think that that would be your routine — looking out the peephole before you walk outside every day. Now, since that has happened, I can't even hear a knock without my heart jumping," says Sherry, 42.

The couple called the bank to say they needed help with their loan because they started getting behind on the mortgage, but they could not dig themselves out of debt.

"Before you knew it, we were homeless," Sherry says. "I remember going to REI and looking at tents that would hold a family of five. And then I remember at the homeless shelter, when they escorted us to our room, I remember laying on a bottom bunk and looking up at the springs that you look at on a bunk bed. And I remember saying to myself, 'How did I get here?' "

She says living at the homeless shelter caused her some embarrassment, and she would try not to be recognized while they were staying there. For example, when her coworkers would talk about volunteering to feed families at the shelter, she would tell Franklin they couldn't stay for the meal.

"I would tell my husband, 'We cannot be here for Sunday dinner because the colleagues from my job are going to be serving food,' " she says.

Franklin and Sherry now have transitional housing and are working to find a permanent home. Franklin is training to be a certified nursing assistant.

"Now we have at the dinner table the circle of thanks and each one of us go around and we say what we're thankful for. Our boys, they're at the stage in which they're thankful for their Pokemon cards," Sherry says. "But we are thankful that we can come together with our food, with the lights on, with the heat on and knowing that we are there to be blessed to wake up another day."

Audio produced for Morning Edition by Allison Davis and Eve Claxton.

StoryCorps is a national nonprofit that gives people the chance to interview friends and loved ones about their lives. These conversations are archived at the American Folklife Center at the Library of Congress, allowing participants to leave a legacy for future generations. Learn more, including how to interview someone in your life, at StoryCorps.org.

StoryCorps

Behind A Soldier's Suicidal Thoughts, An Unknown Brain Injury

StoryCorps' Military Voices Initiative records stories from members of the U.S. military who served in Iraq and Afghanistan.

When Sgt. Ryan Sharp returned from serving two tours in Iraq with the Army's 3rd Infantry Division, he didn't know he had a traumatic brain injury.

All he knew, and all his family knew, was that he was deeply depressed. He would talk about ending his life.

During a StoryCorps interview in Lincoln, Neb., his father, Kirk Sharp, asked if Ryan remembered any of those suicidal conversations.

Ryan says no. "It's like I blacked out," he says. "I came home, and things were different.

"I remember me and my sister Stacy were all at the pool. And I don't remember exactly what happened but I remember I had my pistol up to my temple," he says. "My finger was on the trigger. And then my sister said, 'What are you doing?' I think it was after that that I ran into the woods ... apparently I wanted to shoot myself in the woods."

"I wish I would have known more," his father says. "Then we could have gotten you help sooner. I'd seen a completely different Ryan, and I didn't understand how to deal with it."

At the time, Ryan didn't know that he'd suffered a traumatic brain injury — "no idea at all," he says. That is, until he reconnected with a man he'd been deployed with.

"He was telling me how he was on permanent disability through the VA," Ryan remembers. "And I was like, 'Oh my God, man, what happened?' And he says, 'I have a T.B.I.'

"And I go, 'When did you get that?' And he goes, 'You were there.' And I go, 'What are you talking about?' "

"At that point, things just started coming back," he says. "The first thing that came to me was the explosion in my head, the pain of it. And then the next thing I remember is my team leader had grabbed me by my vest and was shaking me asking, you know, 'Sharp, Sharp.' "

“ I don't want to survive anymore. I want to learn how to live again.

- Former Army Sgt. Ryan Sharp

The injury had happened 10 years before Ryan received a diagnosis. Overall, nearly 300,000 service members in post-Sept. 11 conflicts have been diagnosed with traumatic brain injuries.

After he was diagnosed, Ryan tells his dad, he felt angry, "because the entire time, I thought these issues that I was having were fixable — that if I spent enough time psychoanalyzing myself, that I'd be better eventually."

"You almost felt as though you were at fault," Kirk says, "or you felt as though it was a weakness?"

"Yeah," Ryan says. "I felt I couldn't get myself to work right. I didn't trust myself — and I still don't to an extent. But the things that are wrong with me are an injury, and I can't necessarily fix them, but I can learn to deal with them. I was finally able to forgive myself for so many of the things that I put my family through.

"Survival is a constant struggle, and sometimes people confuse it with living," Ryan says. "I don't want to survive anymore. I want to learn how to live again."

Audio produced for Weekend Edition by Andres Caballero.

StoryCorps is a national nonprofit that gives people the chance to interview friends and loved ones about their lives. These conversations are archived at the American Folklife Center at the Library of Congress, allowing participants to leave a legacy for future generations. Learn more, including how to interview someone in your life, at StoryCorps.org.

brain injury

Helmets Aren't Always Enough To Keep Players Safe

Australian cricket player Phillip Hughes died this week in Sydney after he was struck on the back of the neck by a bounced pitch that's an ordinary and routine part of cricket.

Mr. Hughes was 25, an accomplished and admired player. There's been an outpouring of grief in Australia and around the world over his death. Cricket fans from India and Pakistan to New Zealand have observed a minute of silence before a match, and worn black armbands. Cricket fans have put out cricket bats in tribute. Rory McIlroy, the great Irish golfer, played with a black ribbon in his cap.

Few Americans follow cricket. The game often has a faintly dainty image here, with players in white sweaters who stop for tea over a six-hour match. But the cricket ball is hard. Bowlers, as they're called, can pitch a ball at over 90 miles an hour, which can, after hitting the wicket, bounce towards a batsman's head or body. Hit it, or get out of the way.

Phillip Hughes wore a helmet. It's required of professional cricket players and children alike in many situations these days. But the ball bounced into the back of his neck, which is not covered by the helmet, and apparently set off bleeding that flooded his brain.

i i

Cricketer Phillip Hughes celebrates a score in 2011. Hughes was wearing a helmet this week when a ball struck him on the neck and killed him. Eranga Jayawardena/AP hide caption

itoggle caption Eranga Jayawardena/AP

Cricketer Phillip Hughes celebrates a score in 2011. Hughes was wearing a helmet this week when a ball struck him on the neck and killed him.

Eranga Jayawardena/AP

The injury that felled Phillip Hughes might seem freakish, but cricket fans know that there's been a string of injuries in the sport in recent months, when fast balls have struck players, even on their helmets. Darryn Randall, a South African player, was struck on the head and died in October of 2013. Mr. Hughes is the second cricketer in two years to die because of an injury suffered in a game.

By contrast, a major league U.S. baseball player has not died of an injury on the field since Ray Chapman was hit in the head by a pitch in 1920.

But The Economist, the British weekly, raised a question this week that not only applies to cricket, but to U.S. sports, and some aspects of life, too. It's what economists call "the moral hazard" question: Do people take more risks when they think they are protected from the consequences of something that might go wrong?

Do cricket players try to hit a ball that should make them duck because they expect a helmet to protect their heads? Do the sturdier helmets that have been developed just encourage U.S. football players to absorb more hits and crashes, and thereby shake up their brains and spines? Does new headgear encourage hockey players to skate faster and hit the boards more recklessly?

Do the technological advances we tell ourselves will protect us risk just winding up as new examples of good intentions that go wrong?

phillip hughes

cricket

What Should You Do If A Fly Gets Into Your Anti-Ebola Goggles?

So you're in Ebola treatment clinic. Your body is covered head-to-toe in a plastic protective suit, a hood, goggles, gloves and rubber boots. Then, all of a sudden, your nose itches.

What should you do?

Or what happens if you need to pee? Or a fly infiltrates your goggles?

In this second installment drawn from the World Health Organization training manual for Ebola healthcare workers, we look at the routine hazards that suddenly don't seem so routine in a treatment center.

"When people come to our training, there is often apprehension," says Dr. Shevin Jacob of the University of Washington, who has led WHO training sessions in Liberia and Sierra Leone for the last two months. "We've had some healthcare workers trembling before going into a simulation."

One thing that helps is the buddy system. Every health worker in the treatment unit is paired up with another health worker — they each watch over the other's protective gear and can call on each other in an emergency.

Below you'll find excerpts that cover the everyday mistakes a clinician could make in an Ebola treatment unit. The manual was provided by the IMAI-IMCI Alliance, a global health network in charge of creating WHO training guides.

West Africa

ebola

World Health Organization

Egyptian Court Drops Case Against Ousted President Mubarak

An Egyptian court on Saturday dropped its case against ousted President Hosni Mubarak, his interior minister and six aides on charges of ordering the killing of protesters during the 2011 revolt that removed him from power.

The court also cleared Mubarak and a former oil minister of graft charges related to gas exports to Israel.

In a separate corruption case, charges were dropped against Mubarak and his sons Alaa and Gamal, with Judge Mahmoud Kamel al-Rashidi saying too much time had elapsed since the alleged crime took place for the court to rule on the matter.

The 86-year-old former leader will not walk free after Saturday's verdicts, however. He was found guilty in May in another case related to theft of public funds and has been serving that three-year sentence while under house arrest for medical reasons in an army hospital in an upscale Cairo suburb.

Saturday's rulings can be appealed.

The packed courtroom erupted in cheers after the judge finished reading the verdicts. Mubarak, wearing sunglasses and a sweater, had been grim-faced when he was wheeled into the courtroom on a stretcher.

The overthrow of Mubarak, who ruled for about 30 years, led to Egypt's first free election but the winner, Mohamed Mursi, was ousted last year by the army. The release of some Mubarak-era figures this year had already raised fears among activists that the old leadership was regaining influence.

пятница

Diversity On 'The Walking Dead' Wasn't Always Handled Well

Language advisory: Quotes from The Walking Dead in this story contain language some find offensive.

For The Walking Dead, it was less like a conversation between two characters and more like a mini manifesto.

The moment came during an episode called "Four Walls and Roof," as Bob Stookey spoke to hero Rick Grimes about a central theme this season: keeping your humanity in midst of a zombie apocalypse.

"We push ourselves to let things go, and then we let some more go and some more ... and pretty soon there's things we can't get back," he tells Rick. "And if you let too much go along the way, that's not gonna work."

"This is the real world," Rick insists.

"Nah," Bob answers. "This is a nightmare. And nightmares end."

Monkey See

Zombies And Hope On 'The Walking Dead'

Television

AMC's 'The Walking Dead' Is A Hit Show With Two Meanings

It was a short, sweet statement on what the whole series is about. But I noticed something else: There were five characters involved in this scene.

And Rick Grimes was the only white person among them.

In fact, The Walking Dead has quietly assembled one of the most ethnically diverse casts on a top-rated TV show. When it airs its midseason finale Sunday, the show will have at least seven major non-white characters, including Michonne, a sword-swinging African American heroine who is also one of the program's most popular characters.

"She's the person who will step in, at those moments when someone really needs to step in," says Danai Gurira, the actress who plays Michonne, explaining her character on AMC's Walking Dead aftershow, Talking Dead. "She steps in and goes and helps to get the medicine, she steps in and stabs The Governor when he goes and tries to kill Rick. That's more her purpose, I think."

But the characters of color on The Walking Dead weren't always so plentiful or well-crafted.

When the show first started, it had a great character of color in Korean American Glenn Rhee. But critics like me argued its two African American characters weren't enough to reflect the diversity of its setting around Atlanta, where the population is more than 50 percent black.

And the racial conflicts on the show were often cartoonish, as shown by a fight between racist white Southerner Merle Dixon and a black man, Theodore "T-Dog" Douglas, kicked off with Dixon declared "that'll be the day ... the day I take orders from a n - - - - -."

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Fierce, sword-swinging Michonne is one of the show's most popular characters. Frank Ockenfels/AMC hide caption

itoggle caption Frank Ockenfels/AMC

Fierce, sword-swinging Michonne is one of the show's most popular characters.

Frank Ockenfels/AMC

For a while, T-Dog was the show's only black character, given little backstory and few lines. He even complained about his situation, but only when he was delirious from an infection.

"I'm the one black guy ... you realize how precarious that makes my situation?" he says to a fellow survivor, describing how he felt threatened by three other characters in their group. "I'm talking about two good ol' boy cowboy sheriffs and a redneck whose brother cut off his own hand because I dropped a key. Who in that scenario do you think is going to be the first to get lynched?"

The situation changed when The Walking Dead TV show began adding popular characters of color from the graphic novel that inspired it. That includes Michonne and Tyreese, who often acts as the show's moral center.

At first, even Michonne seemed underwritten. Tight-lipped and shut down by PTSD, she took a while to warm up to her fellow survivors and reveal more of herself in ways that showcased the character.

Now, there are even more actors of color on the show, including former Everybody Hates Chris star Tyler James Williams and The Wire alum Seth Gilliam, playing a priest named Gabriel who is wracked with guilt after locking his congregation out of the church in order to ensure his own survival.

The show doesn't talk overtly about race anymore. But it does look a lot more like America, in ways that allow everyone to see themselves as the hero — or antihero.

These aren't just tokens. They are fully fleshed-out characters with their own histories, storylines and goals. And they have come along as the Walking Dead has become the most popular series on TV with the young demographic advertisers crave.

It's another example of how creating a cast that looks like America is good for TV stories and the TV business. Even in a zombie apocalypse.

The Economics Of Thanksgiving 2014

Thanksgiving is remembered for feasts, family gatherings and ... awkward conversations.

You know what I'm talking about. You're back with relatives you haven't seen in years, and the conversation takes a frightening turn toward politics, religion or, worse, your love life.

You need help. You have to switch to a newsy but neutral topic. Here's a handy list of conversation changers you can use at any time.

Just start each sentence with, "Hey, did you know that ... " and here are the safe categories:

The Road

- AAA, the auto club, predicts 46.3 million people will be driving at least 50 miles for the Thanksgiving weekend. That's the most for the holiday since 2007 and up 4.2 percent from last year.

- Gasoline prices are a bargain. The average gallon is hovering around $2.85, compared with $3.28 last year, AAA says.

- If you need to buy, say, 50 gallons of gas for your round trip, you'll be able to save $21.50 at the pump compared with last year.

Around the Nation

Asking For Quiet: How To Defuse Thanksgiving Spats

Holiday Travelers Should Expect Packed Planes, Higher Fares

The Two-Way

Jet Fuel Is Down, But Not Enough For A Thanksgiving Fare War

The Sky

- This is the busiest air-travel time of the year. Airlines for America, the airline trade group, says 24.6 million passengers will fly over the Thanksgiving holiday period.

- The busiest day will be Sunday, Nov. 30. Other peaks come on Wednesday, Nov. 26, and Monday, Dec. 1.

- The airline group says air travel will be up 1.5 percent, but the number of passengers remains about 6 percent below the pre-recession level.

- The latest consumer price index showed airfares rose 2.4 percent just in October.

The Food

- The American Farm Bureau Federation's annual price survey found the average cost of this year's Thanksgiving meal for 10 is $49.41, a 37-cent increase from last year.

- Don't blame the turkey for the slight uptick. The AFBF says the typical 16-pound turkey will cost $21.65. That's an 11-cent decrease from last year.

- In fact, cranberries, stuffing and pie shells are down in price. The slight rise in total meal cost can be blamed on higher prices for sweet potatoes, milk and whipping cream.

The Shopping

- Since the first Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in 1924, most Americans have regarded the following day as the "official" start of the holiday shopping season.

- Struggling to boost sales in the wake of the Great Recession, many retailers began opening on Thanksgiving Day. But some customers prefer shopping at stores that allow workers to stay home on the holiday.

- So there's a split. Wal-Mart, Kmart, Sears and Target — even Macy's — are opening on Thanksgiving. But Costco, Nordstrom, Crate & Barrel and many others will be closed.

- The National Retail Federation predicts a 4.1 percent increase in holiday sales.

There you have it — four categories of Thanksgiving factoids that can help steer any strained conversations back to a safe zone. Feel free to give thanks for them.

Thanksgiving

Obama's Immigration Moves Do Little To Help Businesses, Groups Say

Business groups have long been active players in the nation's immigration debate. They represent employers who need to recruit workers, after all — employers who are sometimes investigated, even prosecuted, for hiring workers who are not approved to work in the U.S. legally.

Many big employers have been pushing for reforms that would allow them to keep more science and technology workers and skilled laborers in the country. But the executive action President Obama announced Thursday leaves out much of what the business lobby has been advocating for.

Obama's announcement will allow more undocumented immigrants with U.S.-born children to apply for work permits, among other things. But the policies will not help businesses with their key immigration concerns, says Matt Sonnesyn, a senior director at the Business Roundtable, which represents large businesses.

"Last night's actions do help for those [workers] who are already here — to have some security that they're going to remain and continue working," he says. "But they don't really address how we're going to attract and retain those workers from around the world."

Related NPR Stories

The Two-Way

A Closer Look At Obama's Immigration Plan: What's In It, Who's Affected

The Two-Way

7 Questions About The President's Immigration Plan Answered

Farmers Hoped For Guest Worker Program In Obama's Immigration Order

He notes the president did extend a program giving high-skilled students the ability to work while applying for a visa. And there is some added flexibility for those who already have work visas to move between jobs.

But Sonnesyn says the action does not increase the total number of visas available — either to high- or low-skilled temporary workers. That is a big blow to business groups, especially as the U.S. economy recovers. Many big employers want to recruit more science and technology workers, as well as skilled laborers in fields like manufacturing and construction.

But that's also not a surprise, Sonnesyn says. The president could only act on enforcement — things like border control and deportation of criminals — not on legislation.

"The president just didn't have the authority to go to the core of what we see as important for growing the economy over time," Sonnesyn says.

Douglas Holtz-Eakin, who was an economist in the George W. Bush administration and is now president of the policy analysis group American Action Forum, says he thinks "the business groups are going to be, by and large, disappointed. There wasn't really much in there for them."

Many business groups, including the National Federation of Independent Business and National Association of Manufacturers, support a national system that allows employers to check whether someone is permitted to work legally.

That system, known as E-Verify, would reduce an employer's legal liability if it hires someone with falsified documents. E-Verify received no mention in Obama's address.

Holtz-Eakin says what might be surprising, given the partisan rhetoric around immigration, is how little daylight there is between the president's policy position and that of most Republicans and the business community. "There's much less division than people realize," Holtz-Eakin says.

The president supports the immigration bill that passed the Senate more than a year ago. The business community also supports that legislation, but the Republican leadership in the House has not brought it up for a vote.

"There's no disagreement on the policy. The issue is 100 percent politics," Holtz-Eakin says. "And the sad reality is, the president pushed the politics in the wrong direction last night."

That's certainly the position of some Republicans in leadership, who are angry the president acted unilaterally.

Robert Litan, a fellow at the Brookings Institution, says the president "could've done all this quietly, without making any announcement whatsoever."

But he didn't. Instead, Litan says, Obama chose a high-stakes political gamble that could pay off, if Republicans in Congress take up the president's challenge and pass immigration legislation.

In any event, Litan says, it's hard to know what the ultimate business implications of Thursday night's actions are.

"The bottom line is, the business community, like everybody else, is waiting to see what the next move is going to be in Congress — whether there's going to be a legal challenge and so forth," Litan says.

"And at the end of the day," he adds, "whatever the president can do can only last for two years. The next president could decide to undo the whole thing."

Immigration

AFL-CIO Supports Black Friday Strikes Against Walmart

The day after Thanksgiving is traditionally one of the busiest shopping days of the year. Bargain hunters heading to Walmart, in addition to looking for holiday deals, may find workers participating in Black Friday Strikes.

Since 2012, Our Walmart, which is an employee labor group, has been staging strikes on the day after Thanksgiving.

Employees at stores in six states and Washington, D.C., plan to participate and more locations are expected to join in.

Our Walmart says it is standing up for better jobs. Members of the group would like to see more full-time work and an hourly wage of $15.

Its website BlackFridayprotests.org is trying to gather momentum for the movement. It also encourages people to participate in the strikes and has information where they can find a protest near them.

The AFL-CIO Tweeted: "Skip shopping and join a #BlackFriday protest in solidarity w/ #WalmartStrikers.

In a statement, AFL-CIO President Richard Trumka said, "The entire labor movement will proudly stand with the brave workers at Walmart as they lead the largest mobilization to date for better wages and schedules."

Walmart employs 1.3 million people in the United States. A statement on its website reads: "About 75% of our store management teams started as hourly associates, and they earn between $50,000 and $170,000 a year — similar to what firefighters, accountants, and even doctors make. Last year, Walmart promoted about 170,000 people to jobs with more responsibility and higher pay."

our walmart

walmart

Oil Prices Tumble After OPEC Holds Firm On Output

Update at 5:50 p.m. ET

OPEC oil ministers have agreed to keep production levels steady, virtually ensuring continued low prices at the gas pump and lower costs for jet fuel that could translate into cheaper air-ticket prices.

Reuters reports: "Benchmark Brent futures settled at $72.58 a barrel, down $5.17, after hitting a four-year low of $71.25 earlier in the session. The contract was on track for its biggest monthly fall since 2008. U.S. crude was last down $4.64 at $69.05 a barrel."

According to The Wall Street Journal, during a meeting in Austria, members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries "agreed to stick to the oil-producer group's existing output target of 30 million barrels of oil a day, a decision that implies it will cut production from recent levels but stops some way short of the action likely required to boost sagging global oil prices.

"Sticking to its current production ceiling of 30 million barrels a day would involve an OPEC supply cut of around 300,000 barrels a day based on the cartel's output in October.

"Oil prices plunged on the news, with Brent crude down 3.2% to $75.26 a barrel."

Crude prices have dropped significantly as stepped-up production in the U.S. and Canada and more fuel-efficient cars have caused output to outstrip demand. China has also taken advantage of low prices to increase its strategic petroleum reserve as a cushion against future oil shocks.

The inability of OPEC to agree to cut production in an effort to stabilize prices was widely expected.

According to Reuters: "Some analysts have said that oil prices could slide to $60 per barrel if OPEC does not agree to a significant output cut. Benchmark Brent futures dropped over $1 on Thursday to $76.28 a barrel, the lowest level since September 2010. U.S. crude also dropped over $1 to a session low of $72.61."

The Russian rouble weakened against the U.S. dollar on the news. Although Russia, a major petroleum exporter, is not a member of OPEC, the organization's decisions have a broad impact on the global industry.

OPEC

gas prices

oil

четверг

Beware The 'Babadook,' The Monster Of Your Own Making

The monsters of repression are what terrorize a single mom and her little boy in The Babadook. The small, independent, Australian, feminist horror movie was one of the buzziest films coming out of the 2014 Sundance Film Festival. As of this writing, The Babadook enjoys an impressive 97 percent positive score on Rotten Tomatoes.

The film centers on 6-year-old Samuel, one of those kids you dread having to spend time with in real life. He's aggressive, demanding and prone to meltdowns. He's obsessed with magic tricks and is convinced an imaginary monster is hiding under the bed.

"He's obviously suffering a high level of anxiety," observes the therapist he's taken to after getting kicked out of school. "Very committed to the monster theory."

The monster Samuel fears is, of course, the Babadook. That's a sinister, smudgy figure with a top hat, menacing feathery black fingers and a hungry, toothy mouth. He shows up first in a children's book that seems to have come from nowhere and later in a grainy silent movie on late night TV that's influenced by the "magic" films of Georges Mlis.

"I wanted it to look more low-fi and more handmade," says director Jennifer Kent. "And I think it's more savage that way."

The Babadook is Kent's first feature film. (Here you can see a short that's an early version of The Babadook). Georgetown University professor Caetlin Benson-Allott studies horror movies. She says The Babadook brings something fresh and unexpected to the genre: "To acknowledge that being a mother is hard," she says. "That sometimes you hate your child and don't know how to cope. That was something I don't think we've seen in horror before."

Of course we've seen other mothers in horror movies, but few facing this kind of emotional verisimilitude. Samuel's mom has been depressed since the child's father died. Because Samuel is so difficult to be around, the two are despised by their relatives. But for all his neediness and lack of self-control, Samuel is also a plucky and forthright little kid, deeply protective of his fragile mother. Their next-door neighbor recognizes and admires the strength hiding in this little family.

"For me, this story was a myth in a domestic setting," says the director, who completely invented the Babadook. (He's not — as some have wondered — based on an actual Australian folktale.) She wants viewers to be uncertain if they're seeing a supernatural monster or one that's erupted from repressed feelings.

"This is a film about making your own monsters," agrees Benson-Allott. "And the damage we do to our families, and within our families."

It's a theme that makes The Babadook not only one of the most talked about horror movies of the year, but perhaps perversely, one for the holidays.

Attacks In The Afghan Capital Kill 5

Updated at 3:30 p.m. ET

At least five people are dead in the Afghan capital, Kabul, after after a suicide bombing attack on a British embassy vehicle. A foreign compound in the diplomatic area of the city also came under attack.

The BBC says that "a British worker and an Afghan member of staff among those killed.

"The Briton who died was a member of the embassy security team, as was another UK national who was wounded.

"Three other Afghans were killed and more than 30 wounded in the attack, which the Taliban say they carried out."

Hours later, NPR's Sean Carberry, reporting from the Afghan capital, said there was gunfire and blasts coming from the city's diplomatic area.

Sean says initial reports indicated that the only foreigner injured was a Nepalese security guard and that two of the attackers had been killed in a firefight to defend the complex, while a third attacker had either been killed in the initial blast or was still at large.

Reuters, quoting a local military commander, reports that the blast was the result of a car bomb.

The commander of 111 Military Corps Kabul, Qadam Shah Shaheem, told Reuters that the target was a foreign guesthouse in the Wazir Akbar Khan area of the city, where many embassies and international organizations are located.

"Two or three insurgents have entered the compound. Our forces are there and the fight is ongoing," he told Reuters.

No one immediately claimed responsibility for the second attack.

Kabul

Taliban

Former CBC Host Jian Ghomeshi Charged With Sexual Assault

Jian Ghomeshi, a former radio host in Canada, was arrested Wednesday and charged with four counts of sexual assault and one count of overcoming resistance by choking.

The charges carry sentences ranging from 10 years to life in prison.

Ghomeshi was a star at CBC, Canada's public broadcaster, and hosted Q, one of its most popular programs. Last month, CBC first suspended and then fired Ghomeshi. It later emerged that the host had been publicly accused of violently assaulting women during sexual encounters.

NPR's David Folkenflik reported at the time:

"The 47-year-old Ghomeshi [has] been one of the most popular radio and TV hosts in Canada, and he's also heard on 155 public radio stations in the U.S. Back in May, the Toronto Star first began investigating rumors of Ghomeshi's behavior toward women and presented allegations to Ghomeshi and the network, but had not yet published anything. The CBC fired him on Sunday, after which Ghomeshi posted a lengthy note on his Facebook page, saying the network was making a moral judgment against his taste for consensual bondage and rough sex."

Canada's National Post reported that Ghomeshi surrendered to police this morning. He had sued CBC for $55 million after the network fired him. He withdrew that suit this week.

Jian Gomeshi

Canada

CBC

Former CBC Host Jian Ghomeshi Charged With Sexual Assault

Jian Ghomeshi, a former radio host in Canada, was arrested Wednesday and charged with four counts of sexual assault and one count of overcoming resistance by choking.

The charges carry sentences ranging from 10 years to life in prison.

Ghomeshi was a star at CBC, Canada's public broadcaster, and hosted Q, one of its most popular programs. Last month, CBC first suspended and then fired Ghomeshi. It later emerged that the host had been publicly accused of violently assaulting women during sexual encounters.

NPR's David Folkenflik reported at the time:

"The 47-year-old Ghomeshi [has] been one of the most popular radio and TV hosts in Canada, and he's also heard on 155 public radio stations in the U.S. Back in May, the Toronto Star first began investigating rumors of Ghomeshi's behavior toward women and presented allegations to Ghomeshi and the network, but had not yet published anything. The CBC fired him on Sunday, after which Ghomeshi posted a lengthy note on his Facebook page, saying the network was making a moral judgment against his taste for consensual bondage and rough sex."

Canada's National Post reported that Ghomeshi surrendered to police this morning. He had sued CBC for $55 million after the network fired him. He withdrew that suit this week.

Jian Gomeshi

Canada

CBC

A Warning For Latin America's Faltering Economies: 'Innovate Or Die'

One look at the Brazilian flag and you think: This must be a space-age, high-tech country. That star-spackled orb in the middle glowing like a planetarium. The banner wrapped around it hailing "Order and Progress." Engineers must be rock stars there, right?

Unfortunately, no. And that's a big reason Brazil and much of the rest of Latin America are headed into a steep economic slump these days. The region's stubbornly low-tech ethos has come back to haunt it — and unless it purges that ghost, and fast, it may miss out on real development in the 21st century the way it did in the 20th.

Ronald Wieselberg knows that all too well. The Rio de Janeiro-born engineer is vice president for business development at Safety Pay, a tech company in Miami Beach that facilitates online transactions with and within Latin America.

Wieselberg still cares about Brazil, which is why he helps run a scholarship fund his engineer father recently set up back in Rio. Called JS3, it helps Brazilian students pursue mostly STEM-related fields — science, technology, engineering and math — that are chronically neglected in Brazil and throughout Latin America.

"We want people to study these things in Brazil," says Wieselberg, "and not just rely on the United States."

That sort of educational philanthropy is rare in Latin America — and the region needs it now more than ever. Brazil's economy, the region's largest, slid into recession this year, and Latin America's decade-long economic boom has suddenly turned south.

The main culprit: global prices for commodities like Brazilian soybeans and Venezuelan oil that have collapsed like sand castles on Copacabana Beach.

"Brazil has taken a free ride on this commodity boom," says Wieselberg. "And that made Brazilians, especially the government, very complacent."

i i

Brazilian technicians assemble an aircraft at an Embraer plant, in Sao Jose dos Campos, north of Sao Paulo, in 2007. Embraer is a relatively rare example of a high-tech industry in Latin America that has built an international reputation. Mauricio Lima/AFP/Getty Images hide caption

itoggle caption Mauricio Lima/AFP/Getty Images

Brazilian technicians assemble an aircraft at an Embraer plant, in Sao Jose dos Campos, north of Sao Paulo, in 2007. Embraer is a relatively rare example of a high-tech industry in Latin America that has built an international reputation.

Mauricio Lima/AFP/Getty Images

A Dependence On Commodities

But if Brazil and Latin America want to reach the next level of development, they have no choice now but to wake up and ditch their dependence on raw commodities exports. From Mexico to Argentina, they have to start building more high-tech, value-added industry, like Brazilian jet-maker Embraer, which is a rare example.

Sounding that alarm has become something of a movement these days. Miami Herald columnist Andres Oppenheimer just published a book whose title is a not-so-subtle warning for the region: Crear o Morir! — Innovate or Die!

On the opening page, Oppenheimer asks why Latin America has yet to produce a tech visionary like the late Apple computer founder Steve Jobs. It's an especially apt question when you consider that a new, tech-hip generation of Latin Americans seems ripe for that mission.

"[Go to] any technology fair in Brazil and you see tons and tons of startups by 20-year-olds," says Wieselberg. "That has been a real game changer in terms of how people [there] perceive themselves as entrepreneurs."

Problem is, the game has yet to change inside Latin America's power corridors, says Gabriel Snchez Zinny, an Argentine who heads the education consulting firm Kuepa.com in Washington, D.C.

"I don't even think the conversation today in Latin America among political leaders and business leaders includes, 'How can we increase or improve competitiveness?' " says Snchez, who is author of a new book addressing the region's tech deficiency, Educacin 3.0.

Paltry Patents

How far behind is Latin America? Consider this: Asia accounts for a full third of the world's research and development today. Latin America accounts for less than 3 percent.

So it's not surprising that South Korea alone submits 10 times more patents for new inventions than Latin America does as a whole.

"Latin American schools are not producing workers and professionals who can be successful in a knowledge-based economy," says Snchez. "It's about making human capital the center of development in Latin America for a change."

The region is finally starting to come around to that education imperative. The Brazilian government a few years ago launched "Science Without Borders," a program that hopes to send more than 100,000 students to universities in the developed world for STEM training.

Many of them are going to Florida. The University of Florida in Gainesville, in fact, has hosted almost 300 of those Brazilians, more than any other U.S. school.

Among them is Lara Nesralla, an engineering undergraduate, who says a big challenge is changing her country's attitude about what she does.

"If you're a lawyer or a doctor, people respect you," says Nesralla. "But if you are an engineer in Brazil or a research scientist, you're not so respected." Especially, she adds, if you're a woman.

Mexico recently started a program similar to Science Without Borders, and the number of Latin American students doing STEM studies in the U.S. is on the rise. What's more, they plan to return home for a change. Latin America could finally see brain gain instead of brain drain.

That, says Ernane Vieira Neto, a Brazilian Ph.D. student in ecology at the University of Florida, should create a virtuous cycle: "It will stimulate other people [in Latin America] to follow their steps and improve our science programs."

Tim Padgett is the Americas editor for WLRN in Miami. You can read more of his coverage here.

Latin America

Foreign Guesthouse Reportedly Attacked In Kabul's Diplomatic Area

Police in Afghanistan have confirmed that a foreign compound is under attack in the capital, Kabul, as explosions and gunfire can be heard.

NPR's Sean Carberry, reporting from the Afghan capital, says the gunfire and blasts could be heard in the city's diplomatic area.

As The Associated Press notes: "Kabul has come under regular attack in recent weeks. Earlier Thursday, a suicide bomber targeted a British embassy vehicle, killing a British national."

Reuters, quoting a local military commander, reports that the blast was the result of a car bomb.

The commander of 111 Military Corps Kabul, Qadam Shah Shaheem, told Reuters that the target was a foreign guesthouse in the Wazir Akbar Khan area of the city, where many embassies and international organizations are located.

"Two or three insurgents have entered the compound. Our forces are there and the fight is ongoing," he told Reuters.

No one immediately claimed responsibility for the attack.

Kabul

Taliban

British Mystery Novelist P.D. James Dies At 94

British mystery and crime novelist P.D. James, whose book-known works featured poet and Scotland Yard detective Adam Dalgliesh as a protagonist, has died at age 94, her publisher says.

Phyllis Dorothy James, a baroness and award-winning writer of such books as Shroud for a Nightingale, The Black Tower and The Murder Room, was born in Oxford began writing in her late 30s and published her first novel, Cover Her Face in 1962.

A statement from publisher Knopf quoted Charles Elliott, her longtime editor, as saying: "Phyllis broke the bounds of the mystery genre. Her books were in a class of their own, consistently entertaining yet as well-written and serious as any fiction of our time. She was, moreover, a delight to be around and work with, beloved by readers and her publishers around the world. We will all miss her."

Biography.com says James took up writing as a means to support her family after her husband, a World War II veteran, was incapacitated by mental illness. Cover Her Face was written in the evenings and during her commute to a job in Britain's National Health Service, the website says.

According to Biography.com:

"Dubbed the "Queen of Crime," James went on to write 13 more Dalgliesh murder mysteries. Many of them were set in enclosed communities, illuminating the tensions and violence that can erupt amongst tightly knit groups of people. Shroud for a Nightingale, published in 1971, is set at a nursing school, and Original Sin (1994) at a small publishing house in London; Death in Holy Orders (2001) probes the motives behind a killing at a theological college, and the final Dalgliesh mystery, The Private Patient (published in 2008), unfolds at a private plastic surgery clinic in an English manor house."

In 2011, James was interviewed by NPR's Linda Wertheimer for the release of what became her final novel, Death Comes To Pemberley.

"I had this idea at the back of my mind that I'd like to combine my two great enthusiasms," James told Wertheimer. "One is for the novels of Jane Austen and the second is for writing detective fiction."

British novelists

Mystery novel

British Mystery Novelist P.D. James Dies At 94

British mystery and crime novelist P.D. James, whose book-known works featured poet and Scotland Yard detective Adam Dalgliesh as a protagonist, has died at age 94, her publisher says.

Phyllis Dorothy James, a baroness and award-winning writer of such books as Shroud for a Nightingale, The Black Tower and The Murder Room, was born in Oxford began writing in her late 30s and published her first novel, Cover Her Face in 1962.

A statement from publisher Knopf quoted Charles Elliott, her longtime editor, as saying: "Phyllis broke the bounds of the mystery genre. Her books were in a class of their own, consistently entertaining yet as well-written and serious as any fiction of our time. She was, moreover, a delight to be around and work with, beloved by readers and her publishers around the world. We will all miss her."

Biography.com says James took up writing as a means to support her family after her husband, a World War II veteran, was incapacitated by mental illness. Cover Her Face was written in the evenings and during her commute to a job in Britain's National Health Service, the website says.

According to Biography.com:

"Dubbed the "Queen of Crime," James went on to write 13 more Dalgliesh murder mysteries. Many of them were set in enclosed communities, illuminating the tensions and violence that can erupt amongst tightly knit groups of people. Shroud for a Nightingale, published in 1971, is set at a nursing school, and Original Sin (1994) at a small publishing house in London; Death in Holy Orders (2001) probes the motives behind a killing at a theological college, and the final Dalgliesh mystery, The Private Patient (published in 2008), unfolds at a private plastic surgery clinic in an English manor house."

In 2011, James was interviewed by NPR's Linda Wertheimer for the release of what became her final novel, Death Comes To Pemberley.

"I had this idea at the back of my mind that I'd like to combine my two great enthusiasms," James told Wertheimer. "One is for the novels of Jane Austen and the second is for writing detective fiction."

British novelists

Mystery novel

Former CBC Host Jian Ghomeshi Charged With Sexual Assault

Jian Ghomeshi, a former radio host in Canada, was arrested Wednesday and charged with four counts of sexual assault and one count of overcoming resistance by choking.

The charges carry sentences ranging from 10 years to life in prison.

Ghomeshi was a star at CBC, Canada's public broadcaster, and hosted Q, one of its most popular programs. Last month, CBC first suspended and then fired Ghomeshi. It later emerged that the host had been publicly accused of violently assaulting women during sexual encounters.

NPR's David Folkenflik reported at the time:

"The 47-year-old Ghomeshi [has] been one of the most popular radio and TV hosts in Canada, and he's also heard on 155 public radio stations in the U.S. Back in May, the Toronto Star first began investigating rumors of Ghomeshi's behavior toward women and presented allegations to Ghomeshi and the network, but had not yet published anything. The CBC fired him on Sunday, after which Ghomeshi posted a lengthy note on his Facebook page, saying the network was making a moral judgment against his taste for consensual bondage and rough sex."

Canada's National Post reported that Ghomeshi surrendered to police this morning. He had sued CBC for $55 million after the network fired him. He withdrew that suit this week.

Jian Gomeshi

Canada

CBC

In Pakistan, A Self-Styled Teacher Holds Class For 150 In A Cowshed

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When a class is held in a cowshed, a cow or two will inevitably attend. Abdul Sattar for NPR hide caption

itoggle caption Abdul Sattar for NPR

When a class is held in a cowshed, a cow or two will inevitably attend.

Abdul Sattar for NPR

Asia

Pakistani Teen Shares Nobel Peace Prize

Every day, shortly after breakfast, more than 150 noisy and eager-eyed kids, coated in dust from top to toe, troop into a mud cowshed in a sun-baked village among the cotton fields of southern Pakistan. The shed is no larger than the average American garage; the boys and girls squeeze together, knee-to-knee, on the dirt floor.

Words scrawled on a wooden plank hanging outside proudly proclaim this hovel to be a "school," although the pupils have no tables, chairs, shelves, maps or wall charts — let alone laptops, water coolers or lunch boxes.

Nor are there any teachers, except for one very young woman who is sitting serenely in front of this boisterous throng, occasionally issuing instructions, watched by a cow and a couple of goats tethered a few feet away. Her name is Aansoo Kohli.

Aansoo is a 20-year-old student in the final stages of a bachelor's degree. She is the only person in this village with more than a smattering of education. Her mission is to change that: "I'll make these children doctors," she says. "I'll make them teachers and engineers."

The kids in Aansoo's cattle shed are from Pakistan's Hindu community — a marginalized, sometimes victimized, minority in an overwhelmingly Muslim nation. Their village has for centuries subsisted on the tiny income produced by picking cotton and green chilies for feudal landlords.

The mass exodus of Hindus to India — 50 miles to the east — during the 1947 partition of the Subcontinent seems to have passed by this remote community.

i i

So many children gather at the cowshed for instruction that they spill outside. Abdul Sattar for NPR hide caption

itoggle caption Abdul Sattar for NPR

So many children gather at the cowshed for instruction that they spill outside.

Abdul Sattar for NPR

The village, Minah Ji Dhani, lies deep in the countryside of Pakistan's Sindh province; you have to drive across fields to reach it. There is no road. Nor is there electricity or running water. Its inhabitants are among the poorest of Pakistan's roughly 200 million population.

A crude wooden crutch lies at Aansoo's side. She needs this because she lost the use of a leg as an infant due to a botched medical procedure. Her father, an illiterate farm worker, realized she would be unable to work in the fields, so he packed her off every day to a government-run school miles away.

As an impoverished and disabled Hindu girl in a highly conservative and patriarchal rural society, Aansoo says her school years were difficult. "People would laugh at me when I went to school," she recalls. "They'd say, 'What's she going to do once she's educated?'"

Aansoo's cowshed "school" is her answer to that question. She has no teaching qualifications and works without pay. This hasn't deterred her from pushing ahead with a personal campaign to give her village's children — girls as well as boys — the chance to get educated.

"I love these kids," she says. "I'm urging them to study."

You only have to watch Aansoo at work for a short while to realize that to describe her cattle shed as a school, or her as a teacher, really is a stretch.

Overwhelmed by numbers, she teaches some of the older children, who then squat on the ground and impart what they have just learned to the smaller kids, some as young as three. Somehow the village whipped up enough money to buy some dog-eared government textbooks and hand-held blackboards.

But there is another goal here. Talk to Aansoo, and it soon becomes clear she has assembled these kids in part to draw attention to a chronic problem blighting her country's young, especially the poor.

Over the years, government teaching jobs in Pakistan have routinely been handed out as political favors. Thousands of so-called "teachers" pocket wages but do not go to work. There's a girls' school less than a mile from Aansoo's village that has long been closed because the teachers never showed up.

i i

Aansoo Kohli, 20, is in the final stages of a bachelor's degree. She is the only person in Minah Ji Dhani with more than a smattering of education. Abdul Sattar for NPR hide caption

itoggle caption Abdul Sattar for NPR

Aansoo Kohli, 20, is in the final stages of a bachelor's degree. She is the only person in Minah Ji Dhani with more than a smattering of education.

Abdul Sattar for NPR

Aansoo's aim is to generate the kind of publicity that will send a message to people far beyond the confines of her village: "I want to tell Pakistan's teachers that you have a duty to the nation's children. Please come to school and teach!"

"Aansoo is posing a question for all of Pakistan," says Janib Dalwani, a Muslim social activist from a nearby village who's playing a central role in Aansoo's seven-month-old campaign, publicizing her efforts and rallying villagers to the cause. "If someone with her disadvantages can teach, then why can't teachers who're sitting at home drawing salaries go out and teach?"

The task of persuading parents to allow their kids to go along to Aansoo's cattle shed fell to Dalwani. He says they were initially reluctant to release their children from working in the fields and doubtful about the benefits of education.

"I told them God's on their side," says Dalwani. "He'll help them."

This seems to have worked. Ram Chand, a farm worker, has allowed three of his daughters to go to the cattle shed: "I am very happy," he says. "We don't want the children to lead the life we've led."

Aansoo's message is being heard beyond her village. Liaquat Ali Mirani, a principal in the Sindhi city of Larkana, runs a website that publishes the names and photos of absentee teachers in the hope this will shame them into doing their jobs.

"I fully support Aansoo and have a lot of sympathy for her. May God help her," says Mirani.

He estimates four out of 10 teachers in the province never set foot in a school: "Some of them run shops, some work in the media, some for feudal landlords."

In 2010, Pakistan's federal constitution was amended to make education compulsory and free for all children age 5 to 16. But education is run by provincial governments; they haven't yet turned this amendment into law and it seems unlikely they will. This helps explain why, according to estimates, nearly half of Pakistan's 58 million kids of school age are not in school.

"The state of education is very bad in Pakistan," says Farhatullah Babar, a leading figure in the Pakistan People's Party (PPP), the late Benazir Bhutto's party that governs Sindh. "In fact, we have what we call education emergency."

Babar says that although the PPP bears much responsibility for the education crisis in Sindh, it plans to fire absentee teachers and make government teachers take a proficiency test.

"I think these measures indicate a very strong realization on the part of the PPP that if it was responsible for the mess, it is also determined to clean the mess," says Babar.

For now, though, the kids in the cattle shed are on their own. Their chief hope is Aansoo's determination — and their own enthusiasm.

corruption

Education

Pakistan

Amid Violence, Iraq Fractures Again Along Religious Lines

The shrine of Imam Ali in the Iraqi city of Najaf is a vast gold-domed edifice, where Shiite Muslims from all over the world gather to pray.

But just a few minutes drive away, are travelers of a different, shabbier kind. A long row of cinder block and sheet metal buildings is draped in bright flags with religious slogans. Usually, these are for pilgrims to sleep in. But right now, they're spilling over with displaced Iraqi families.

"It's tough for the children," says Zaira Raqib, a mother of four of them. "We know we're displaced, but they don't understand."

The children are excited to have a visitor, keen to show off and singing snatches of the English alphabet. They skitter around underfoot while their moms try to keep the floor clean.

Nearly 2 million Iraqis have had to flee their homes because of violence this year. Many are Shiite Muslims escaping the self-proclaimed Islamic State, or ISIS, which has brutally murdered Shiites and other non-Sunnis.

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Iraqi families displaced from the north of the country by the advance of ISIS now shelter in buildings traditionally used by Shiite pilgrims in the southern city of Najaf. Alison Meuse for NPR hide caption

itoggle caption Alison Meuse for NPR

Iraqi families displaced from the north of the country by the advance of ISIS now shelter in buildings traditionally used by Shiite pilgrims in the southern city of Najaf.

Alison Meuse for NPR

Iraq's Shiites drove many Sunni Muslims from their homes in 2006-2007, leading to the segregation of many neighborhoods in Baghdad and elsewhere based on religion. Now the Sunnis of the Islamic State are forcing many Shiites to flee.

Even after a decade of upheaval in Iraq, many say this migration feels like a disastrous turning point for themselves and the country.

Next door is Mehdi Moussawi. He's a grandfather from the same village on the green plains of northern Iraq up close to the city of Mosul. He used to drive a bus back and forth to Baghdad. It was a few hours' ride. But last time, to avoid extremists, they took a torturous, days-long route through a half-dozen cities.

"It's kind of a disaster," he says.

They had stayed in their home village for years, even after Moussawi lost a son and two nephews to al-Qaida militants. Still, he believes ISIS is worse and he was sure that if he stayed, his whole family would be killed.

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But Najaf is not like northern Iraq, which is cooler, greener and more ethnically mixed. The southern city is much hotter, drier and the people are more conservative.

"We used to live in a green place 5 meters away from the Tigris [River]," he says. The family would swim at noon and run back home for lunch.

Parallels

Despite A Massacre By ISIS, An Iraqi Tribe Vows To Fight Back

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With Cash And Cachet, The Islamic State Expands Its Empire

Their neighbors were Sunni Muslims, Christians and tiny minority sects like Yazidis. Here in Najaf, most everyone is a Shiite. They hope they'll go back to their old home. But others aren't sure.

Parallels

In A Back-And-Forth Battle, An Iraqi Town Splits On Ethnic Lines

Salah al-Sherba was appointed by the provincial council to look after the 100,000 or so displaced here.

In a distribution office nearby, men present official papers to be stamped. Then young men with Shiite slogans on their vests rip open boxes of blankets for them, hand out packs of dates, all provided by the shrine organization. The government, U.N. and international charities also provide aid.

Sherba wonders if Iraq might split into separate states — Sunnis in the west, Shiites down here in the south. Kurds up north. Sometimes he thinks that might be better.

He says he once drove through the former Yugoslavia, and saw where people once at each others' throats, riven with religious and ethnic violence, are now in separate countries and life's back to normal.

"I had seen these killing fields," he says, "killing and slaughtering people and bloodshed." But right now it's peaceful and "the mosque is doing its prayer, the Christians are doing their prayer."

Maybe one day in the future, he hopes, it will be the same in Iraq.

Iraq

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Judge Rules Fewer Political Groups Can Keep Their Donors Secret

A U.S. district court judge awarded a victory to campaign finance reform advocates on Tuesday when she ruled the Federal Election Committee was too loosely enforcing a campaign finance regulation passed in 2007, allowing some big-money donors to remain anonymous.

The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act required the identification of contributors giving $1,000 or more to fund "issue ads" near Election Day. But since it was enacted, only a few of those contributors have been revealed, because the FEC ruled those disclosures weren't required for ads supporting specific candidates. The L.A. Times reported the details of the ruling:

"The decision concerns a type of issue ads that became ubiquitous in recent elections. Typically, the ads suggest that voters call a senator or congressman and give an opinion about something. When those ads mention a candidate and are run close to elections, they're known as 'electioneering' communications, and the amount of spending has to be reported."

Rep. Chris Van Hollen (D-Md.), along with reform advocacy groups Campaign Legal Center, Public Citizen and Democracy 21, sued the FEC in 2011 to overturn the 2007 regulation. The AP reported that Democracy 21's president, Fred Werthiemer claimed the FEC allowed loopholes in the regulation to fund federal elections with "dark money."

Van Hollen called Judge Amy Berman Jackson's Tuesday decision "a victory for democracy." His partners in the lawsuit also hailed the ruling.

"We are seeing a full-throated endorsement of disclosure by the lower courts," said Tara Malloy with the Campaign Legal Center. "We are enjoying the victory, though I am sure the fight will continue."

Conservative groups that attempted to intervene in the case have voiced their disappointment. Thomas Kirby, an attorney who represents the Center for Individual Freedom, told The Washington Post that "the ruling created an upside-down world in which greater burdens are imposed on those who merely refer to a candidate than on those who expressly advocate election or defeat of a candidate."

In Tuesday's decision, Jackson ruled that the FEC "overstepped" when it wrote the 2007 regulation into the campaign finance laws. That regulation, among other cases, led to the victory of the 2010 Citizens United case in the Supreme Court, which allowed nonprofits to hide their funding sources.

That decision essentially deleted the restrictions of the McCain-Feingold Act. The L.A. Times reported Tuesday that over $140 million of the so-called "dark money" was spent in the 2014 election. Bloomberg's Businessweek reports that tens of thousands of TV ads run this year by GOP fundraising operation Crossroad GPS, founded by former Bush administration adviser Karl Rove, "helped Republicans win control of the Senate."

Jackson's decision that the regulation was "arbitrary, capricious and contrary to law" recalled an original report by the Sunlight Foundation in January. The report stated that Crossroads GPS violated election laws by failing to register itself as a political group instead of a nonprofit, social-welfare operation — a distinction that came with a huge impact.

"In recent years, the group Crossroads GPS has spent tens of millions on political ads fueled by anonymous donors. Registering as a political group would have forced the nonprofit to begin naming its big-time benefactors. Crossroads has also become a model for hundreds of other committees that during the last election cycle pumped more than $300 million into the campaign — an estimate that is undoubtedly low because of the lack of disclosure required of these organizations."

It was also noted in the judge's ruling that the FEC reported their findings in 2007 at 5:05 p.m. before a weekend — what's known in the news industry as a "Friday night news dump" because people are believed to be paying the least attention to the news during that portion of the week.

The FEC now has the option of either appealing Jackson's decision or change its regulations. The six members of the committee are evenly divided between Republicans and Democrats and likely will have a difficult time agreeing on a course of action.

FEC Chairman Lee Goodman told the Washington Post, "I've always said that I'm open to judicial guidance on this issue, and now we'll have to study the court's opinion to determine exactly what obligation the FEC has in response."

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U.S.

campaign finance

election

Ebola Is Changing Course In Liberia. Will The U.S. Military Adapt?

The Ebola outbreak started in rural areas, but by June it had reached Liberia's capital, Monrovia.

By August, the number of people contracting the Ebola virus in the country was doubling every week. The Liberian government and aid workers begged for help.

Enter the U.S. military, who along with other U.S. agencies had a clear plan in mid-September to build more Ebola treatment units, or ETUs. At least one would be built in the major town of each of Liberia's 15 counties. That way, sick patients in those counties wouldn't bring more Ebola to the capital.

Goats and Soda

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Goats and Soda

Can The U.S. Military Turn The Tide In The Ebola Outbreak?

But it's taken a long time to build these ETUs; most won't be done until the end of the year. And now the spread of Ebola changing — clusters are popping up in remote rural areas. So building a huge treatment center in each county's main town may no longer make sense.

Two hours outside the capital, the Army's 36th Engineer Brigade just finished erecting an ETU last week. Lt. Abraham Richardson shows me around, first giving me a tour of the triage building where all patients will arrive. Then he leads me to four giant white tents inside what health workers call the "hot zone."

"That's where all the confirmed cases will be," Richardson says. Each tent will house about 25 patients.

This is what the military is good at: landing in a place they've never been and building stuff. But some say the size of the ETUs is a problem.

Because it's taken so long to build the centers, their relatively large size is no longer useful, says Dr. Darin Portnoy, who's with Doctors Without Borders. He's just finished caring for two sick children at one of the organization's original ETUs back in Monrovia.

"ETUs are not needed right now at the same level," he says. "Right now the construction should be scaled down — fewer beds."

"Take the amazing capacity that has been brought to bear and direct [it] elsewhere," he adds.

By elsewhere, Portnoy means remote rural areas, where, sometimes, the only way to reach people is by walking for hours or taking a canoe. He says big international donors should support so-called rapid response teams that go out, find those hard-to-reach people and set up small treatment centers where they actually live.

"Just because you have a plan ... doesn't mean you have to continue on that plan," he says.

The U.S. has started to scale down its plan, building only 15 ETUs instead of the 17 originally planned. Some ETUs will now have 50 beds instead of 100. And instead of sending 4,000 troops to West Africa to build facilities and train health workers, the military says that number will now be closer to 3,000.

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Maj. Gen. Gary Volesky, who commands U.S. forces in Liberia, wants to be sure the military has an exit plan. Kelly McEvers/NPR hide caption

itoggle caption Kelly McEvers/NPR

Maj. Gen. Gary Volesky, who commands U.S. forces in Liberia, wants to be sure the military has an exit plan.

Kelly McEvers/NPR

The military is also helping to locate Ebola cases in remote areas. Just last week, says Maj. Gen. Gary Volesky, who commands the U.S. forces in Liberia, the military gave a team of epidemiologists a ride in a helicopter to a remote village north of the capital to find Ebola victims.

But Volesky says he wants to know the military has an exit plan, and that someone else will take over the jobs that the U.S. troops have been doing.

A few hours north of the capital, at one of the busiest ETUs in Liberia, custodian John Jameson shows us the burial ground full of fresh mounds of dirt. "Three, four, five burials a day," he says.

The ones buried here were those who could make it to the ETU. Health officials say many more people are getting sick and dying in remote rural areas, which means Ebola will keep spreading.

ebola

U.S. military

Liberia

Chicago Or Cleveland: Whose Teams Had More Downs Than Ups?

For those of us in sports who like to wallow in extended misery, this has been one terrific time. The Chicago Cubs hired a popular new manager, reminding us again, interminably, that they have now gone 106 years without winning the championship, eating up 51 managers in the process.

Meanwhile, Cleveland has welcomed LeBron James back to its Cavaliers, so Cleveland is giddy with the possibility of having just one of its woebegone teams win a championship for the first time since 1964.

Now that's a heady history of disaster for Cubbie lovers to compete against. On the other hand, whereas the Cleveland teams just lose conventionally, the Cubs have learned to be masters of distraction. First, they grew enchanting outfield ivy for fans to admire. Then, these lovers of Wrigley Field flora put up with the game as they anxiously waited for its famous seventh-inning stretch — when people other than players perform, although usually just as ineptly.

YouTube

So, for us observers with no dog in this fight for ignominy, it's hard to decide whether Cubs fans or Cleveland fans deserve the most sympathy for their years of cheering on futility.

Click on the audio link above to hear Deford's take on the issue.

LeBron James

Chicago Cubs

sports

After A Sexual Assault And A Pregnancy, Vet Kept Her Pain Secret

StoryCorps' Military Voices Initiative records stories from members of the U.S. military who served in Iraq and Afghanistan.

In 1998, Trista Matascastillo was training to become an officer in the Navy, when she was sexually assaulted by someone she had served with.

She told no one about the attack.

"I used to say when I put my uniform on, I was in my Superwoman suit. Nothing could happen, nothing could hurt me," she told her husband, former Army 1st Sgt. Hector Matascastillo, during a recent visit to StoryCorps in St. Paul, Minn.

"And yet, it did. Someone who I had worked with, I had served with, someone that I had called my brother, ultimately became my perpetrator."

After it happened, she says, "I kinda fell apart. I just remember feeling the complete shock, the betrayal, even though I thought I was hiding it from everyone."

Then she found out she was pregnant.

"I was thinking, 'I'm just gonna go home and kill myself anyway, it doesn't matter,' " Trista says. "Once I decided, 'I'm just gonna keep doing what I've done and survive this,' I never told anyone, 'cause I thought 'they're not gonna believe me.' Nobody ever asked me, and I assumed that was my license to keep it all a secret."

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Former Army 1st Lt. Trista Matascatillo met her husband, former Army 1st Sgt. Hector Matascastillo, five years after she was sexually assaulted during officer training in the Navy. StoryCorps hide caption

itoggle caption StoryCorps

Former Army 1st Lt. Trista Matascatillo met her husband, former Army 1st Sgt. Hector Matascastillo, five years after she was sexually assaulted during officer training in the Navy.

StoryCorps

Trista met Hector five years after the attack — and at first, she kept her secret.

"Were you worried about telling me about your assault?" he asks.

"You can imagine how afraid I was, how you were going to react," she says. "Would you suddenly see me as weak? Or would you suddenly not trust me somehow? By the time I told you, it had been six years and I hadn't told anyone."

"After finding out that you were assaulted — and that Hunter is the product of the assault — I remember questions and a lot of emotions and a lot of anger, and needing to somehow rectify things," Hector says.

"That traumatic event happened to me. It also didn't define who I am today," Trista says. "And ... as much as I try not to, there are times it clouds and enters into our relationship.

"Do you wish that I hadn't told you?"

"No," Hector says. "Knowing the choices that you had to make, to me, validates your strength. You are still a miracle."

"The support that you've given me through the years is unbelievable," says Trista, who now chairs the Women Veterans Initiative for Minnesota. "I know that if I were to fall you'd also catch me. It's meant everything. And I know that we're in this together."

Audio produced for Weekend Edition by Andres Caballero.

StoryCorps is a national nonprofit that gives people the chance to interview friends and loved ones about their lives. These conversations are archived at the American Folklife Center at the Library of Congress, allowing participants to leave a legacy for future generations. Learn more, including how to interview someone in your life, at StoryCorps.org.

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StoryCorps

Outside Of The Games, Are Sports Corrupt?

We so regularly excuse the chicanery of sport. We fans suspect that our team is just as guilty as whatever ooze bubbles to the surface elsewhere, so let it go lest we be the next one caught. For us privileged to actually be down in the rabbit hole, the sins have been so present for so long, they simply become accepted as a benign part of the landscape. Hey, it's all just fun and games, so go along, be a — well, be a good sport.

Only, every now and then ...

Every now and then the evils are just so gross that you have to blink open the blind eye. Sorry. Such was the past week.

Click on the audio link above to hear Deford's take on the issue.

Gravy And Gallstones: Your Memorable Thanksgiving Grace Moments

For many people on Thanksgiving, the moment may come when all the drama and noise of the week dies down. The meal is on at the table and veryone has pulled up their chairs. Some take it as a moment to say grace.

We asked you to share your stories and traditions around Thanksgiving grace, and you didn't disappoint. From the heartwarming to the horrifying, you brought us right into your dining rooms.

Some answers have been edited for length and clarity.

Grace In Song

For many of you, singing grace is a longstanding tradition. The Johnny Appleseed blessing and Doxology, a Christian hymn, are particularly popular.

Check out the video below to hear it (and see one adorable grandma).

YouTube

Eva McPherson of Madison, Ala., says her family has made the Doxology a new tradition. "Our youngest sister, a music professor, gives our pitch and we all jump in," she says.

It's an old tradition for Joey Cottle of Big Rapids, Mich. Thanksgiving with his dad's family can involve as many as 60 people — many of whom are ministers "in one form or another."

"Thankfully, we all share a reasonable talent for music, so, the song is on pitch and scattered with pleasant harmonies. We finish the song with a long, tonic 'Amen,' creating this beautiful chord that always moves me," he says.

Greg of Gustavus, Ohio, says his family's traditions have changed very little over the generations. They always end grace with the song "Bless This House," using the same lyric sheets they've had for decades.

"These papers are reused every year and are most often stained with gravy, coffee, or any other food item from years past, reminding us of all the people that have come and gone for so many years that we have had our Thanksgiving traditions.

"Many of us at the table are not religious, yet we still sing along despite the religious connotations of the song lyrics. The song represents so much more than religion. It represents family, tradition, and love. It exemplifies all that thanksgiving dinner is supposed to be. And it is absolutely beautiful."

Julee Thomas of Pawtucket, R.I., has fond memories of her grandfather every Thanksgiving when her family sings "We Gather Together" before dinner.

"The lyrics to three verses are handwritten on yellowed index cards in my grandfather's unmistakable cursive, and after grace, these cards are collected and kept in a safe place until next year's dinner. Since my Grandpa Bobby's passing almost five years ago, using the cards has taken on an especially poignant meaning."

Blending Cultural Traditions

A number of you shared stories of blending languages and cultural traditions. Nakeli Hendrix of Bentonville, Ark., fondly remembers her grandmother saying the Thanksgiving prayer in her native language, Tahitian. "It connected us to our culture, even though none of us spoke [it]," Hendrix says.

After emigrating to the U.S., Eleanor Duff of Potomac, Md., and her husband brought their Scottish traditions to Thanksgiving by teaching their children the Selkirk grace.

Some hae meat and canny eat,
And some hae nane that want it;
But we hae meat and we can eat,
And sae the Lord be thankit.

She says it's simple "and yet captures exactly what giving thanks is all about."

Sara Stinski of Madison, Wis., says her family is "not religious in the least" but has always said a Norwegian prayer at Thanksgiving.

"For years now, my dad has been in charge of reciting it and he sort of butchers it. Okay ... he TOTALLY butchers it. Half of the tradition these days is how badly he says it, I guess. We all laugh our way through a very sentimental moment, which, really, is our family in a nutshell."

Jim Ritter of Baltimore says his family plays a similar game of "generational telephone," and says a prayer in German (or at least a prayer that was, at one point, in German, "but is probably just gibberish now.") He says, "I don't speak a word of German, but I know this by heart and I look forward to teaching it to my future kids."

From The Kids' Table

At the kids' table or otherwise, children have injected humor into many a Thanksgiving grace.

A few years ago, Kerrin Flanagan's toddler niece offered to say grace. She says, "There was a long pause. 'Grace!,' she yelled! And we all laughed."

When Fred Theobald's brother was called on to say grace at age 8, he was under a lot of pressure. After taking a deep breath, he launched into it with "Now I lay me down to sleep ..."

"My older brother and I nearly fell off our chairs in laughter if it were not for the fact that Mom kicked me under the table at the same time Dad kicked my brother! Somehow, as we let him finish uninterrupted by either laughter or correction, we realized the importance of this moment to my brother, to our family, and yeah, even to God. My little brother finished the prayer and as we joined in the, "Amen" he suddenly realized his "mistake." To this day, my little brother turned a shade of red that I've never seen before, or since, and was on the verge of tears. Then with no prompting, we all spontaneously applauded and raised our glasses as Dad toasted the best Thanksgiving grace we ever had!"

While seated away from the adults in the kitchen, Courtney Rogers of Norwood, Mass., remembers her uncle yelling, "I better hear you say grace in there!" Her cousin replied, "Give me a G... G!"

"I do believe he was able to make it to his bedroom and get the door closed after my uncle gave chase. Every year since, even when we are not with those cousins, one of my sisters or I invariably yell, 'Give me a G!' when grace is discussed."

Grandpa And Dad: Mischief Makers

And if the kids aren't making a scene, it's usually dad or grandpa. Julie Laven of Minnesota says many members of her family have no idea that her grandfather is faking his famously improvised Thanksgiving grace each year.

"Once everyone has joined hands and closed their eyes, he slips [a] note card out of his pocket and into his lap," she says. "They all think he is improvising, but only those who sit right next to him know the truth."

Debbie Shaw of Martinsburg, W.V., says her husband once mortified her "very proper mother" when he was asked to offer the grace and said, "Rub a dub dub. Thanks for the grub. Yay God!" Since then, it's become a tradition.

"After my husband's death eight years ago, we use his favorite grace for Thanksgiving dinner to include him in our celebration — whether it's just our immediate family or the extended family. It makes all of us thankful for those who are no longer with us."

Karen Zander of St. Augustine, Fla., says her grandfather always delivered the grace — and loved to make people laugh. Every year, she says, they all knew what was coming.

" 'Over the lips and through the gums, look out stomach, here it comes!' Every time, every year, this elicited a VERY stern rebuke from my grandmother, which was the best part. He passed away many years ago, but I think of him and smile every time we sit down for Thanksgiving dinner."

Not Appropriate For The Dinner Table

Some of your Thanksgiving grace stories also featured memorable moments of bodily humor. (Consider yourself warned.)

When she was about 7 years old, D'Ann of Norfolk, Va., was feeling a little under the weather by the time Thanksgiving dinner rolled around.

"I tried to keep my mouth shut because my father had just spoken the words, 'Please bless this food to our bodies, Lord,' " she says. "But then nausea triumphed and I lunged for the kitchen trash can and threw up in front of about 20 assorted relatives."

She says she recovered in time to eat leftovers.

Allen Wengert of Edmeston, N.Y., had a similarly embarrassing moment when he plugged a toilet, flooding the bathroom that happened to be located above the dining room table.

"As I ran downstairs to get help, my family was already in a frenzy trying to save what food they could. Hands down, it was one of the most embarrassing moments of my life, but something we all laugh about now. Luckily the majority of the food was salvageable and I was the butt of the jokes for the rest of the night which, for an awkward 13-year-old, is a nightmare."

Susan Palm of Tehachapi, Calif., was upstaged by her dog the year she was picked to say grace as a young child.

"Right before the prayer my dog, Rebel Obadiah, stole some hot turkey," she says. "Then we heard him throwing it up in the middle of the prayer and I never got to finish it. I was eclipsed by my dog. Being the youngest child is hard."

And finally, a story that is just too odd to not be true. It took place at the first Thanksgiving after Heather Gillam's grandfather died in 2011.

At Thanksgiving that year, my grandmother pulled out my grandfather's gallstones he had kept after his surgery (don't ask). Somehow that jar of gallstones ended up on the buffet table.

When the feast was all ready, we bowed our heads and said grace together:

Bless us oh Lord
For these our gifts
Which we are about to receive
Through Christ our Lord
Amen

(A pause...tears...words about Papa)

SCREAM from the kitchen!

During grace my daughter, Ella age 6 at the time, had eaten Papa's gallstones!

We all laughed hysterically for a good ten minutes as my confused daughter cried and clung to my husband (who was pissed). We all needed that belly laugh, straight from our guts and our hearts. It turned out to be one of the best Thanksgivings ever.

We knew Papa was looking down and laughing right along with us.

Share your Thanksgiving stories and traditions with us in the comments or on Twitter and Facebook.

Serri Graslie is a producer for All Things Considered and NPR.org.

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